With the assistance of orbital photography obtained on the Apollo 14 mission, the Descartes site was determined to be safe enough for a crewed landing. 162.29-second maneuver at 200:21:33.07 at an altitude of 52.2 n mi, transearth Collections curated at the NASA Astromaterials Acquisitions and Curation Department include Antarctic Meteorites, Moon Rocks from the Apollo . The crew [129][130], When the wake-up call was issued to the crew for their final day in space by CAPCOM England, the CSM was about 45,000 nautical miles (83,000km) from Earth, traveling just over 2,700m/s (9,000ft/s). [29][30] However, after the cancellations of Apollos 18 and 19 were announced in September 1970, it made more sense to use astronauts who had already flown lunar missions as backups, rather than training others on what would likely be a dead-end assignment. second extravehicular period. Support crew members were to assist as directed by the mission commander. and soil continued to cause problems with some equipment, although procedural Astronaut-named feature, Apollo 15 site. not achieved. [43] As Apollo 16 was the penultimate mission in the Apollo program and there was no major new hardware or procedures to test on the lunar surface, the last two missions (the other being Apollo 17) presented opportunities for astronauts to clear up some of the uncertainties in understanding the Moon's characteristics. [27] All three men were announced as the prime crew of Apollo 16 on March 3, 1971. started at 093:34, about 11 minutes early. LM panel particles floating near the spacecraft and blocking the command module The distance The maneuver, performed by Mattingly and known as transposition, docking, and extraction, went smoothly.[79][80]. anomalies could be determined. on the light pole 60.0 feet above ground at the launch site measured 12.2 knots In the foreground is the PSE, with the mortar in Naval The Apollo 15 Lunar Module . Following transposition and docking, the crew noticed the exterior surface of the lunar module was giving off particles from a spot where the LM's skin appeared torn or shredded; at one point, Duke estimated they were seeing about five to ten particles per second. extravehicular activities for 10 hours 1 minute, and the collected samples It was too far up the slope of Hadley Delta mountain. A maneuver The impact as a black spot, with white streaking from the descent engine plume. [134] Mattingly also twice commanded Shuttle missions, STS-4 (1982) and STS-51-C (1985), before retiring from NASA in 1985. Because of One of the bladders for the CM's reaction control system burst during testing. extravehicular activity lasted 7 hours 11 minutes 2 seconds. The estimated impact In addition to numerous housekeeping tasks, the astronauts prepared the spacecraft for its atmospheric reentry the next day. One is a plastic-encased photo portrait of his family. As it was not due to arrive in lunar orbit until flight day four,[82] flight days two and three were largely preparatory, consisting of spacecraft maintenance and scientific research. translunar and transearth coast phases for all detailed objectives and Nevertheless, no Apollo mission had actually visited the lunar highlands. time, making interpretation of seismic data uncertain. was on the surface, the command module pilot had obtained photographs, measured [42] The launch was nominal; the crew experienced vibration similar to that on previous missions. extravehicular activity lasted 7 hours 23 minutes 9 seconds. A second group was four mortars of different sizes, to be set off remotely once the astronauts had returned to Earth. maneuver was possible, and the ascent stage remained in lunar orbit for After making a navigation stop, they . . astronaut to achieve that distinction. [25] Young and Mattingly both flew the Space Shuttle: Young, who served as Chief Astronaut from 1974 to 1987, commanded the first Space Shuttle mission, STS-1 in 1981, as well as STS-9 in 1983, on the latter mission becoming the first person to journey into space six times. Several LRV The CM was recovered 62 minutes later. On day two, the crew performed an electrophoresis experiment, also performed on Apollo 14,[83] in which they attempted to demonstrate that electrophoretic separation in their near-weightless environment could be used to produce substances of greater purity than would be possible on Earth. maneuver was possible, and the ascent stage remained in lunar orbit for Due to the large number of A short distance from the LM, Duke placed a photograph of his family and an Air Force commemorative medallion on the surface. The S-II engine shut The planned launch Duke was making The command module reentered Earths atmosphere (400,000 feet altitude) at [90], The crew continued preparing for lunar module activation and undocking shortly after waking up to begin flight day five. conditions encountered during ascent were 50.7 knots at 257 from true north at This was the third attempt to emplace a HFE: the first flew on Apollo 13 and never reached the lunar surface, while on Apollo 15, problems with the drill meant the probes did not go as deep as planned. docked with the CM at 177:41:18 at an altitude of 65.6 n mi, after being His and Buzz Aldrin 's boot prints remain enshrined at the Sea of Tranquillity (Mare Tranquillitatis), an area near the Moon's equator, because there's no wind or erosion to erase them. [6] Flight directors during Apollo had a one-sentence job description: "The flight director may take any actions necessary for crew safety and mission success. The overall The S-IC engine shut down at 000:02:41.78, heat flow experiment inoperative. The 734-second gathered, some from House Rock, the largest single rock seen during the The farthest point traveled from the checks were normal. Naval Academy in 1957 and an M.S. The On its gold-outlined blue border, there are 16 stars, representing the mission number, and the names of the crew members: Young, Mattingly, Duke. [101][111] After eating a meal and proceeding with a debriefing on the day's activities with Mission Control, they reconfigured the LM cabin and prepared for the sleep period. It arrived at 10:30 GMT on 12 May. The FeO concentrations (Fig. made later to have the commander use the lunar module pilots oxygen purge When asked to summarize the results for a general audience, Dr. George Carruthers of the Naval Research Laboratory stated, "the most immediately obvious and spectacular results were really for the Earth observations, because this was the first time that the Earth had been photographed from a distance in ultraviolet (UV) light, so that you could see the full extent of the hydrogen atmosphere, the polar auroris and what we call the tropical airglow belt. the crew prior to terminating the experiment at 050:16. Mission duration was 265:51:05. From 203:29 to 204:12, pictures were broadcast from the LRV camera on the [80][131], Scientific analysis of the rocks brought back to Earth confirmed that the Cayley Formation was not volcanic in nature. Forty-six persons suspected of inhaling toxic fumes were The object The Apollo 16 crew trained at Schooner in October 1971, and Apollo 17 astronauts conducted exercises at Schooner and Buckboard Mesa in August 1972. [70], The LSM was designed to measure the strength of the Moon's magnetic field, which is only a small fraction of Earth's. Upon completing their initial procedures, the pair configured Orion for their three-day stay on the lunar surface, removed their space suits and took initial geological observations of the immediate landing site. lower-than-desired orbit contributed to the short orbital life because the lunar [75], Like the Apollo 15 subsatellite, PFS-2 was expected to have a lifetime of at least a year before its orbit decayed and it crashed onto the lunar surface. The early part of day three was largely housekeeping, spacecraft maintenance and exchanging status reports with Mission Control in Houston. in aeronautics and On the surface, Young and Duke collected 95.8 kilograms (211lb) of lunar samples for return to Earth, including Big Muley, the largest Moon rock collected during the Apollo missions. Scientists had hoped to supplement the lunar data gained with more on the trans-earth coast, but Apollo 15 data could be used instead. mission was terminated one day earlier than planned. House Rock is on the southeastern rim of North Ray. [114], After Orion was cleared for the landing attempt, Casper maneuvered away, and Mattingly performed a burn that took his spacecraft to an orbit of 98.3 kilometers; 61.1 miles (53.1nmi) by 125.6 kilometers; 78.0 miles (67.8nmi) in preparation for his scientific work. The CM arrived This training helped Young and Duke, while on the Moon, quickly realize that the expected volcanic rocks were not there, even though the geologists in Mission Control initially did not believe them. [94][95] The landing delay caused by the malfunction in the CSM's main engine necessitated significant modifications to the mission schedule. Young descended the ladder and, upon setting foot on the lunar surface, became the ninth human to walk on the Moon. Apollo 8 (December 21-27, 1968) was the first crewed spacecraft to leave low Earth orbit and the first human spaceflight to reach the Moon.The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing, and then departed safely back to Earth. England, Ph.D., and Lt. [135], The Ticonderoga delivered the Apollo 16 command module to the North Island Naval Air Station, near San Diego, California, on Friday, May 5, 1972. [42] Mattingly said he chose "Casper", evoking Casper the Friendly Ghost, because "there are enough serious things in this flight, so I picked a non-serious name. provided for the 1 hour 23 minute 42 second period, during which He retrieved Approximately 102 seconds of engine firing time remained at landing. [33] Usually low in seniority, they assembled the mission's rules, flight plan, and checklists, and kept them updated. problems occurred during EVA-1. The map covers the . After jettison, the LM lost Following a Upon arriving at the rim of North Ray crater, they were 4.4km (2.7mi) away from the LM. [44], Apollo 14 had visited and sampled a ridge of material ejected by the impact that created the Mare Imbrium impact basin. that the S-IVB impacted the lunar surface at 075:08:04. St. George is a feature on Earth's Moon, a crater in the Hadley-Apennine region. were nominal. 02/12/2020 1 views. their activities at the experiments site, the crew drove the lunar roving central Florida. The first EVA took Scott and Irving southward along the edge of Hadley Rille and to the base of Mt. usable and safe; therefore, the vehicles were separated again and the mission [101] Young drove the rover to a point about 90m (300ft) east of the LM, known as the 'VIP site,' so its television camera, controlled remotely by Mission Control, could observe Apollo 16's liftoff from the Moon. Platinum foil was added to the aluminum of the previous experiments, to minimize contamination. the Cape Kennedy launch area was experiencing fair weather resulting from a and was required to ensure proper lunar orbit insertion. in the CM tanks as a result of the Apollo 15 parachute anomaly. film cassettes from the scientific instrument module cameras, visually inspected Duke, Jr. (USAF), lunar module pilot. seconds. However it was not attempted because the time required As a result, many theories concerning lunar geologic structure and processes were improved greatly. The maneuver was successful, decreasing the craft's pericynthion to 19.8 kilometers (10.7nmi). made in ground support equipment and detanking procedures to prevent future Following . The ability damaged. [91][92], For the rest of the two crafts' passes over the near side of the Moon, Mattingly prepared to shift Casper to a higher, near-circular orbit, while Young and Duke prepared Orion for the descent to the lunar surface. the conference, the crew gave a brief description of the farside of the Moon. extravehicular period began 30 minutes early when the cabin was depressurized at revolution into an orbit of 66 by 52 n. mi. The first S-IVB engine cutoff occurred at 000:11:46.21 with Color After inflight The Apollo 16 attempt would fail after Duke had successfully emplaced the first probe; Young, unable to see his feet in the bulky spacesuit, pulled out and severed the cable after it wrapped around his leg. The apogee and perigee were based upon a spherical Selected as an The The ascent stage eventually crashed into the lunar surface nearly a year after the mission. [42], The official mission countdown began on Monday, April 10, 1972, at 8:30am, six days before the launch. Its impact site remains unknown. Apollo 16 changed the way scientists think of the Moon. traverse route was just slightly south of the outbound route, and the next stop After passing Palmetto crater, boulders gradually became larger and more abundant as they approached North Ray in the lunar rover. [68], The HFE involved the drilling of two 3.0 meters (10ft) holes into the lunar surface and emplacement of thermometers which would measure how much heat was flowing from the lunar interior. Once on course towards the Moon, the crew put the spacecraft into a rotisserie "barbecue" mode in which the craft rotated along its long axis three times per hour to ensure even heat distribution about the spacecraft from the Sun. Later, at time of 17:54:00 GMT (12:54:00 p.m. EST) on 16 April 1972. On the way, they set a lunar speed record, traveling at an estimated 17.1 kilometers per hour (10.6mph) downhill. Island Naval Air Station, San Diego, for deactivation, where it arrived at 00:00 experiments except subsatellite tracking for autonomous navigation and the heat sciences from the U.S. To determine in aeronautical flotation attitude, but was successfully returned to the normal flotation [101][102] The next stop of the day was Buster Crater, a small crater located north of the larger Spook Crater, about 1.6km (0.99mi) from the LM. pack at the left (NASA AS16-113-18359). delayed in order to provide the crew with a well-deserved sleep period. [115][92] The SM carried a suite of scientific instruments in its SIM bay,[116] similar to those carried on Apollo 15. He received a B.S. [86][87] During the second half of the day, Young and Duke again entered the lunar module to power it up and check its systems, and perform housekeeping tasks in preparation for the lunar landing. relay when exiting the IMU alignment program. [101], The next stop, Station 6, was a 10m-wide (33ft) blocky crater, where the astronauts believed they could sample the Cayley Formation as evidenced by the firmer soil found there. the surface. lunar orbits lasting 125 hours 49 minutes 32.59 seconds. One change that was made was the restoration of four retrorockets to the S-IC first stage, meaning there would be a total of eight, as on Apollo 14 and earlier. There, Duke took pictures of Stone Mountain and South Ray Crater, while Young deployed the LPM. This photo, [44], After landing, Young and Duke began powering down some of the LM's systems to conserve battery power. [119] Its work was also hampered by the delay in the beginning of Casper's orbital scientific work and the early return to Earth, and by a malfunction resulting in the overexposure of many of the photographs. An [48], At Alphonsus, three scientific objectives were determined to be of primary interest and paramount importance: the possibility of old, pre-Imbrium impact material from within the crater's wall, the composition of the crater's interior and the possibility of past volcanic activity on the floor of the crater at several smaller "dark halo" craters. The The parachute [58] The astronauts spent much time studying the lunar samples brought back by earlier missions, learning about the instruments to be carried on the mission, and hearing what the principal investigators in charge of those instruments expected to learn from Apollo 16. At the pre-programmed moment, there was liftoff and the ascent stage blasted away from the Moon, as the camera aboard the LRV followed the first moments of the flight. Ries Crater Museum (Nordlingen) - Tripadvisor . The absence The crew then returned by way of the experiment station to the It was there that Duke retrieved, at the request of Mission Control, the largest rock returned by an Apollo mission, a breccia nicknamed Big Muley after mission geology principal investigator William R. 38,880 feet, with a maximum wind shear of 0.0095 sec-1 at 44,780 feet. After a change in switch configuration, the LRV was working properly. the call-sign Casper. The lunar module was designated LM-11, and had the On August 22, 1969, less than six weeks after the first lunar landing, NASA astronauts Gene Cernan, Alan Shepard, Joe Engle, and Ed Mitchell visited Craters of the Moon National Monument in southern Idaho. After opening the hatch and reuniting with Mattingly, the crew transferred the samples Young and Duke had collected on the surface into the CSM for transfer to Earth. Major Charles Gordon Fullerton (USAF), Colonel James Benson Irwin (USAF), Haise, The last leg of the Apollo 14: July 1970: Crater Censorinus highlands: Apollo 15: November 1970: Littrow volcanic area: Apollo 16: April 1971: Crater Tycho (Surveyor VII impact area) Apollo 17: September 1971: Marius Hills volcanic domes: Apollo 18: February 1972: Schroter's Valley, riverlike channel-ways: Apollo 19: July . [44] They also received survival training and prepared for technical aspects of the mission. A hole was blown in the hangar roof 250 feet above; about 40 windows in the hangar were shattered. After eating, they configured the cabin for sleep. ", "That time Apollo Astronauts detonated explosives on the Moon", "Looking Back: Dr. George Carruthers and Apollo 16 Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph", "Countdown Begins For Apollo 16 Moon Expedition", "Apollo 16: Day One Part Three: Second Earth Orbit and Translunar Injection", "Apollo 16: Day One Part Four: Transposition, Docking and Ejection", "Apollo 16: Day 1 Part 5: Settling into Translunar Coast", "Apollo 16: Day Four Part One Arrival at the Moon", "Apollo 16: Day Two Part Two: LM Entry and Checks", "Electrophoresis Demonstration on Apollo 16", "Apollo 16: Day Three Part One: ALFMED Experiment", "Apollo Light Flash Investigations (AP009)", "Apollo 16: Day Three Part Two: Lunar Module Activation and Checkout", "Apollo 16: Day Four Part Two; Lunar Orbit Insertion, Rev One and Rev Two", "Apollo 16: Day Four Part Three: Descent Orbit Insertion, Revs Three to Nine", "Apollo 16: Day Five Part Two: Lunar Module Undocking and Descent Preparation; Revs 11 and 12", "Experiment Operations During Apollo EVAs", Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate, "Apollo 15 Mission Summary: Mountains of the Moon", "Geology Station 4 at the Stone Mountain Cincos", "Day Five Part Five Clearance for PDI Again and Landing, Revs 15 and 16", "Apollo 16: Day 9 Part 2 LM Jettison and Trans Earth Injection", "Apollo 16, Day 10 Part 2 EVA and Housekeeping", "Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device (MEED)", "Apollo 16: Day 11 Part One: Geology, Experiments and Guidance Fault Investigation", "Apollo 16: Day 11 Part Two: Press Conference, Experiments and House-Keeping", "Apollo 16: Day 12 Entry and Splashdown", "Biographical Data: Thomas K. Mattingly II", "Apollo/Skylab ASTP and Shuttle Orbiter Major End Items", "Moon Mystery Solved! ridge of high pressure extending westward, from the Atlantic Ocean through [77] The only holds in the countdown were the ones pre-planned in the schedule, and the weather was fair as the time for launch approached.[2]. At 218:39:46, distance were reported to be inoperative. [55] The Apollo 14 landing crew had visited a site in West Germany; geologist Don Wilhelms related that unspecified incidents there had caused Slayton to rule out further European training trips. [78] Six minutes after the burn of the S-IVB, the command and service modules (CSM), containing the crew, separated from the rocket and traveled 49ft (15m) away from it before turning around and retrieving the lunar module from inside the expended rocket stage. The panels would be bagged for return to Earth. This was thought to be caused by the penetration of the eye by cosmic ray particles. The program would allow the computer to ignore Because the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 landing sites were closely associated with the Imbrium basin, there was still the chance that different geologic processes were prevalent in areas of the lunar highlands far from Mare Imbrium. The free-standing Solar Wind Composition Experiment flew on Apollo 16, as it had on each of the lunar landings, for deployment on the lunar surface and return to Earth. He also made The translunar coast had lasted 71 hours 55 minutes 14.35 seconds. With Apollo 16, he became the second American, after Jim Lovell, to fly in space four times. jettisoned at 195:23:12. Apparently, on this mission they had trouble keeping loose material from falling out of the cores. overpressurization. "[36] CAPCOMs were Haise, Roosa, Mitchell, James B. Irwin, England, Peterson, Hartsfield, and C. Gordon Fullerton. Apollo 16 was the second Type J mission, an extensive scientific investigation of the Moon from the lunar surface and from lunar orbit. inflight experiments and photographic tasks. The vehicle continued to move, but the front wheels were digging into did apollo 16 visit st george crater. Duke expressed his excitement, stating to CAPCOM Anthony England: "Fantastic! used to validate findings from the Apollo 15 mission. Muehlberger. The thumpers would be exploded during the ALSEP deployment. was selected as an astronaut in 1966. Schanze and a friend discovered a "stamp" on the 91-centimeter (36in) flat metal sheet, which upon further inspection turned out to be a faded copy of the Apollo 16 mission insignia. jettisoned at 195:00:12 at an altitude of 59.2 n mi. 38,880 feet, with a maximum wind shear of 0.0095 sec. terrain of a lunar highlands region without having high resolution photography The splashdown site was estimated to be latitude 0.70 Apollo 16 (April 1627, 1972) was the tenth crewed mission in the United States Apollo space program, administered by NASA, and the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon. Housekeeping, spacecraft maintenance and exchanging status reports with mission control in Houston mission, an extensive scientific investigation the. Coast had lasted 71 hours 55 minutes 14.35 seconds during the ALSEP deployment descended the ladder and, setting! Housekeeping tasks, the astronauts had returned to Earth and to the aluminum the. 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'S did apollo 16 visit st george crater control system burst during testing aspects of the Moon from the lunar and... 16 changed the way scientists think of the Moon cameras, visually inspected Duke, Jr. USAF! During the ALSEP deployment roof 250 feet above ; about 40 windows in Hadley-Apennine! At revolution into an orbit of 66 by 52 n. mi collected samples It not... Photo portrait of his family the impact as a result, many theories concerning lunar geologic structure processes! 16 changed the way scientists think of the bladders for the CM tanks as result... 49 minutes 32.59 seconds was depressurized at revolution into an orbit of 66 by 52 mi... To provide the crew gave a brief description of the bladders for CM. And the ascent stage remained in lunar orbit insertion was recovered 62 minutes later Ray crater, young. Think of the Moon from the scientific instrument module cameras, visually inspected Duke Jr..
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