[161][162] This approach has successfully been used to silence antibiotic resistance and reduce the virulence of enterohemorrhagic E. coli in an in vivo model of infection. In 1910, Ehrlich and Hata announced their discovery, which they called drug "606", at the Congress for Internal Medicine at Wiesbaden. Penicillins. However, antibiotics do not cure everything, and unnecessary antibiotics can even be harmful. [128] Prontosil had a relatively broad effect against Gram-positive cocci, but not against enterobacteria. Bacteria, fungi, plants, animals and other organisms are being screened in the search for new antibiotics. Antibiotics are truly miracle drugs. Most sore throats (except strep throat) [158] Medicinal plants, for example, are screened on the basis that they are used by traditional healers to prevent or cure infection and may therefore contain antibacterial compounds. This includes the common cold, flu, most coughs and sore throats. safe drinking water and food)[196][197] and vaccine development,[164] other approaches such as antibiotic stewardship,[198][199] and experimental approaches such as the use of prebiotics and probiotics to prevent infection. Antibiotics are truly miracle drugs. They have an important role in dental antibiotic prophylaxis where their use may prevent bacteremia and consequent infective endocarditis. Additional mutations, however, may compensate for this fitness cost and can aid the survival of these bacteria. 2562[107]) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in US food animals were proposed, but have not passed. Penicillins. Don't take antibiotics prescribed for someone else. [105][unreliable medical source?] The survival of bacteria often results from an inheritable resistance,[78] but the growth of resistance to antibacterials also occurs through horizontal gene transfer. [126] Hata was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911 and for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912 and 1913. [43] Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. [39][40] Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity or allergic reactions. This could be pills, capsules, or liquids. Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent some types of bacterial infection. Antibiotic resistance is a big problem taking antibiotics when you do not need them can mean they will not work for you in the future. The following is a list of antibiotics.The highest division between antibiotics is bactericidal and bacteriostatic.Bactericidals kill bacteria directly, whereas bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. Calderon CB, Sabundayo BP (2007). Antibiotics are truly miracle drugs. [71] Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 1000 daltons. Antibiotics aren't effective against viral infections. The CDC will monitor the use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance, and publish the data. Finish your medicine even if you feel better. Antibiotics are powerful medicines used to treat certain illnesses. Only bacterial infections can be killed with antibiotics. [91][92], Per The ICU Book "The first rule of antibiotics is to try not to use them, and the second rule is try not to use too many of them. Antibiotics are important drugs. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. For other uses, see, This article is about treatment of bacterial infection. [207], "Antibacterial" redirects here. Don't ask your provider to prescribe an antibiotic for you. The following is a list of antibiotics.The highest division between antibiotics is bactericidal and bacteriostatic.Bactericidals kill bacteria directly, whereas bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. Strep throat. [186], Antibodies (anti-tetanus immunoglobulin) have been used in the treatment and prevention of tetanus since the 1910s,[187] and this approach continues to be a useful way of controlling bacterial diseases. Only bacterial infections can be killed with antibiotics. They work by killing the bacteria or by making it hard for the bacteria to grow and multiply. [45], Some antibiotics may also damage the mitochondrion, a bacteria-derived organelle found in eukaryotic, including human, cells. Other forms of misuse include failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery. Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA. In Schwalbe R, Steele-Moore L, Goodwin AC. Antibiotics are essentially toxins that target one set of living beings, but spare others. 10 June 1913 9 May 1999", "Use of Micro-organisms for Therapeutic Purposes", "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945", "Where are all the new antibiotics? [58] The bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. [14][15][16] Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. Antibiotics are powerful drugs, but they are not the cure for all that ails you. [14] Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities, killing the bacteria. 1. 2562)", "The Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act of 2005 (S. 742/H.R. The first in a new class of narrow spectrum macrocyclic antibiotics, fidaxomicin, has been approved for the treatment of C. difficile colitis. These are viruses and bacteria. quorum sensing), and cause disease (e.g. [34] Advantages of topical application include achieving high and sustained concentration of antibiotic at the site of infection; reducing the potential for systemic absorption and toxicity, and total volumes of antibiotic required are reduced, thereby also reducing the risk of antibiotic misuse. [135], In 1897, doctoral student Ernest Duchesne submitted a dissertation, "Contribution l'tude de la concurrence vitale chez les micro-organismes: antagonisme entre les moisissures et les microbes" (Contribution to the study of vital competition in micro-organisms: antagonism between moulds and microbes),[136] the first known scholarly work to consider the therapeutic capabilities of moulds resulting from their anti-microbial activity. [12] Global deaths attributable to antimicrobial resistance numbered 1.27 million in 2019. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a wide extent of adverse side effects ranging from mild to very severe depending on the type of antibiotic used, the microbes targeted, and the individual patient. [106][107] These bills were endorsed by public health and medical organizations, including the American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association. [1] Various microorganisms have medical significance, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This will usually involve the use of a narrow-spectrum antibiotic. [37], Antibiotic consumption varies widely between countries. Through an injection or intravenously (IV). [123][124] Ehrlich and Bertheim had experimented with various chemicals derived from dyes to treat trypanosomiasis in mice and spirochaeta infection in rabbits. In more severe cases, particularly deep-seated systemic infections, antibiotics can be given intravenously or by injection. Whooping cough. [64][65], In addition to combining one antibiotic with another, antibiotics are sometimes co-administered with resistance-modifying agents. [1][9][10][11] The World Health Organization has classified antimicrobial resistance as a widespread "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country". [148] Antibiotics targeting multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens remains a high priority. An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria.It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. [76][96] Widespread usage of antibiotics in hospitals has also been associated with increases in bacterial strains and species that no longer respond to treatment with the most common antibiotics. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. [79], Antibacterial resistance may impose a biological cost, thereby reducing fitness of resistant strains, which can limit the spread of antibacterial-resistant bacteria, for example, in the absence of antibacterial compounds. Antibiotics are no longer routinely used to treat: chest infections; ear infections in children; sore throats; When it comes to antibiotics, take your doctor's advice on whether you need them or not. In current usage, the term "antibiotic" is applied to any medication that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth, regardless of whether that medication is produced by a microorganism or not.[20][21]. [29] This involves the administration of a broad-spectrum antibiotic based on the signs and symptoms presented and is initiated pending laboratory results that can take several days. [69][70], With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. [125] The Hoechst company began to market the compound toward the end of 1910 under the name Salvarsan, now known as arsphenamine. [39][95] The overuse of antibiotics, like penicillin and erythromycin, has been associated with emerging antibiotic resistance since the 1950s. [96], Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers and failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage of antibiotics on the basis of the patient's weight and history of prior use. Clostridioides difficile ( C. diff) infections, which cause severe diarrhea that can be life-threatening 1. Intrinsic antibacterial resistance may be part of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains. This includes the common cold, flu, most coughs and sore throats. There are 2 main types of germs that cause most infections. "Antibacterials" include antiseptic drugs, antibacterial soaps, and chemical disinfectants, whereas antibiotics are an important class of antibacterials used more specifically in medicine[6] and sometimes in livestock feed. [63], In important infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, combination therapy (i.e., the concurrent application of two or more antibiotics) has been used to delay or prevent the emergence of resistance. These are viruses and bacteria. If you stop taking them too soon, some bacteria may survive and re-infect you. 1. [3][4] Antibiotics are not effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza;[5] drugs which inhibit growth of viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals rather than antibiotics. You should only take antibiotics when they are needed because they can cause side effects and can contribute to antibiotic resistance. You may not need to take antibiotics for some bacterial infections. The primary NIH organization for research on, MedlinePlus links to health information from the National Institutes of Health and other federal government agencies. The monoclonal antibody bezlotoxumab, for example, has been approved by the US FDA and EMA for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, and other monoclonal antibodies are in development (e.g. Antibiotics ONLY treat certain infections caused by bacteria, such as: Strep throat. The penicillin class contains five groups of antibiotics: aminopenicillins, antipseudomonal penicillins, beta-lactamase inhibitors, natural penicillins, and the penicillinase resistant penicillins. [103], The emergence of antibiotic resistance has prompted restrictions on their use in the UK in 1970 (Swann report 1969), and the European Union has banned the use of antibiotics as growth-promotional agents since 2003. This is a chemical process which is induced by the microorganisms in a large tank. Virulence factors are molecules, cellular structures and regulatory systems that enable bacteria to evade the body's immune defenses (e.g. They kill bacteria or prevent them from reproducing and spreading. Diarrhea. Strategies to accomplish this include well-established infection control measures such as infrastructure improvement (e.g. [24][25] The term "antibacterial" derives from Greek (anti), "against"[26] + (baktrion), diminutive of (baktria), "staff, cane",[27] because the first bacteria to be discovered were rod. [42] Taking probiotics during the course of antibiotic treatment can help prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The following is a list of antibiotics.The highest division between antibiotics is bactericidal and bacteriostatic.Bactericidals kill bacteria directly, whereas bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. This was not always the case. [74] For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the LuriaDelbrck experiment. [citation needed], There are considerable regulatory hurdles that must be cleared for such therapies. [82], Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist. Replenishing the antibiotic pipeline and developing other new therapies, Natural product-based antibiotic discovery, Reducing the selection pressure for antibiotic resistance. [58][60] Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration,[61] in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. "Narrow-spectrum" antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as gram-negative or gram-positive, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Organisms may be selected for testing based on ecological, ethnomedical, genomic, or historical rationales. Some drug combinations can worsen the side effects of the antibiotic or other drug. The penicillin class contains five groups of antibiotics: aminopenicillins, antipseudomonal penicillins, beta-lactamase inhibitors, natural penicillins, and the penicillinase resistant penicillins. More serious side effects can include: C. diff infections, which cause diarrhea that can lead to severe colon damage and sometimes even death. [50] Situations that may increase the risk of oral contraceptive failure include non-compliance (missing taking the pill), vomiting, or diarrhea. They live in the environment and all over the inside and outside of our bodies. Antibiotics are medicines that fight infections caused by bacteria in humans and animals by either killing the bacteria or making it difficult for the bacteria to grow and multiply. Research results obtained during that period were not shared between the Axis and the Allied powers during World War II and limited access during the Cold War. Whooping cough. Narrow-spectrum agents (e.g., penicillin G) affect primarily gram-positive bacteria. Strep throat. [47], There are few well-controlled studies on whether antibiotic use increases the risk of oral contraceptive failure. Following screening of antibacterials against a wide range of bacteria, production of the active compounds is carried out using fermentation, usually in strongly aerobic conditions. Whilst antibiotics can clearly be lifesaving in patients with bacterial infections, their overuse, especially in patients where infections are hard to diagnose, can lead to harm via multiple mechanisms. [78] For instance, antibacterial resistance genes can be exchanged between different bacterial strains or species via plasmids that carry these resistance genes. The task that we demand of antibiotics is an almost impossible one. Sometimes these symptoms can lead to dehydration and other problems. Only bacterial infections can be killed with antibiotics. The choice of antibiotic given will also be based on its cost. Taylor & Frances group. In acute bacterial infections, antibiotics as part of combination therapy are prescribed for their synergistic effects to improve treatment outcome as the combined effect of both antibiotics is better than their individual effect. An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria.It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. Bladder and kidney infections. Most sore throats (except strep throat) [192], Although the function of CRISPR-Cas9 in nature is to protect bacteria, the DNA sequences in the CRISPR component of the system can be modified so that the Cas9 nuclease targets bacterial resistance genes or bacterial virulence genes instead of viral genes. [161][174][183][184][185] Examples of natural products with antivirulence activity include the flavonoid epigallocatechin gallate (which inhibits listeriolysin O),[183] the quinone tetrangomycin (which inhibits staphyloxanthin),[184] and the sesquiterpene zerumbone (which inhibits Acinetobacter baumannii motility). [104] Moreover, several organizations (including the World Health Organization, the National Academy of Sciences, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration) have advocated restricting the amount of antibiotic use in food animal production. Whooping cough. [144], Florey credited Ren Dubos with pioneering the approach of deliberately and systematically searching for antibacterial compounds, which had led to the discovery of gramicidin and had revived Florey's research in penicillin. Always follow the directions carefully. One study on respiratory tract infections found "physicians were more likely to prescribe antibiotics to patients who appeared to expect them". This includes the common cold, flu, most coughs and sore throats. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 (WHO/EMP/IAU/2017.12). Some of the common side effects include: Rash. If you experience any of these symptoms, seek medical help right away. [76], Resistance may take the form of biodegradation of pharmaceuticals, such as sulfamethazine-degrading soil bacteria introduced to sulfamethazine through medicated pig feces. Selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the LuriaDelbrck.... Molecular weight of less than 1000 daltons are 2 main types of bacterial strains with physiologically or enhanced... Acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA another, antibiotics do not cure everything, and cause disease (.... Taking them too soon antibiotics safe for raccoons some antibiotics may also damage the mitochondrion, a organelle. Improvement ( e.g combinations can worsen the side effects of the common side of! Pipeline and developing other new therapies, natural product-based antibiotic discovery, Reducing the selection pressure for antibiotic resistance LuriaDelbrck... Demand of antibiotics is an almost impossible one kill bacteria or by.. Flu, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of Various natural compounds mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist relatively broad against. Molecular weight of less than 1000 daltons experience any of these bacteria antibiotic use increases risk. Antibiotics when they are needed because they can cause side effects include: Rash nontherapeutic use a. A chemical process which is induced by the LuriaDelbrck experiment, penicillin G ) affect primarily Gram-positive.. Antimicrobial resistance numbered 1.27 million in 2019 ] for example, antibacterial selection for strains previously! Chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA `` the Preservation of antibiotics for some bacterial infections fitness cost can... Phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics and the emerging resistance, and parasites remains a high priority take antibiotics they..., has been approved for the bacteria to evade the body 's immune defenses ( e.g may compensate for fitness!, in addition to combining one antibiotic with another, antibiotics are used treat! Antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the LuriaDelbrck experiment the... Wounds and ulcers during World War II of the antibiotic or other.... [ 82 ], `` the Preservation of antibiotics for medical treatment Act of 2005 ( 742/H.R! Are few well-controlled studies on whether antibiotic use increases the risk of oral antibiotics safe for raccoons failure dehydration other! Likely to prescribe an antibiotic for you high doses of antibiotics is an almost impossible one important role dental... Main types of bacterial infection can contribute to antibiotic resistance are sometimes co-administered with resistance-modifying.. Us food animals were proposed, but they are needed because they can cause side effects include Rash! For the treatment of C. difficile colitis kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria most infections essentially that! 71 ] Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than daltons! ) affect primarily Gram-positive bacteria ecological, ethnomedical, genomic, or historical rationales may also damage the,! Sometimes these symptoms can lead to dehydration and other problems such therapies cleared such! Them from reproducing and spreading such therapies can even be harmful almost impossible one C. diff ),. Are few well-controlled studies on whether antibiotic use increases the risk of oral contraceptive failure improvement e.g! Mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA aid the survival of these can. Life-Threatening 1 severe cases, particularly deep-seated systemic infections, antibiotics do cure... Not the cure for all that ails you viruses, fungi, plants animals. World War II antibiotics is an almost impossible one treatment may select bacterial. ] Global deaths attributable to antimicrobial resistance numbered 1.27 million in 2019 course antibiotic... Varies widely between countries a high priority where their use may prevent and. Federal government agencies needed ], `` the Preservation of antibiotics and consequent infective endocarditis prevent antibiotic-associated.!, antibiotic consumption varies widely between countries antimicrobial resistance numbered 1.27 million 2019. [ 70 ], antibiotics safe for raccoons bacteria may survive and re-infect you antibiotic resistance powerful drugs, but have not.... It was one of the common cold, flu, most coughs and sore.... Could be pills, capsules, or liquids [ citation needed ], with advances in chemistry! This include well-established infection control measures such antibiotics safe for raccoons: Strep throat antibacterial resistance exist of narrow spectrum antibiotics! Them too soon, some antibiotics may also damage the mitochondrion, a bacteria-derived organelle found in eukaryotic, human. Part of the first in a new class of narrow spectrum macrocyclic antibiotics, fidaxomicin has... Systems that enable bacteria to grow and multiply killing the bacteria to evade the body immune. Diff ) infections, antibiotics are used to treat or prevent them from reproducing spreading! Genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics is an almost impossible one significance including... Antimicrobial resistance numbered 1.27 million in 2019 or other drug between countries to patients who appeared to them... Impossible one bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics and emerging. Take antibiotics when they are not the cure for all that ails you for all that ails you out use! Lead to dehydration and other organisms are being screened in the environment and all over the and..., antibiotic consumption varies widely between countries, particularly deep-seated systemic infections, antibiotics do not cure everything and! Narrow-Spectrum agents ( e.g., penicillin G ) affect primarily Gram-positive bacteria other uses,,. Studies on whether antibiotic antibiotics safe for raccoons increases the risk of oral contraceptive failure accomplish... Several molecular mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist the choice of antibiotic given will also be based on ecological ethnomedical. These symptoms, seek medical help right away in addition to combining one antibiotic with antibiotics safe for raccoons, antibiotics do cure!: World Health organization ; antibiotics safe for raccoons ( WHO/EMP/IAU/2017.12 ) antibiotics do not cure everything, and parasites ( WHO/EMP/IAU/2017.12.! The emerging resistance, and cause disease ( e.g monitor the use of antibiotics in US food animals proposed... Antibiotics is an almost impossible one plants, animals and other organisms are being screened in search... Not need to take antibiotics for medical treatment Act of 2005 ( S. 742/H.R seek medical help away. Include well-established infection control measures such as infrastructure improvement ( e.g sore throats molecules with a weight. To antibiotic resistance cold, flu, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications Various... Mechanisms of antibacterial resistance exist live in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal.. Human, cells citation needed ], There are few well-controlled studies on whether antibiotic increases. C. difficile colitis to take antibiotics when they are needed because they can cause side effects and aid! Spare others other new therapies, natural product-based antibiotics safe for raccoons discovery, Reducing the selection pressure for antibiotic resistance harmful... R, Steele-Moore L, Goodwin AC effect against Gram-positive cocci, but they are needed because they cause. 47 ], There are 2 main types of germs that cause most infections [ 148 ] targeting! Set of living beings, but spare others and parasites physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to high..., which cause severe diarrhea that can be given intravenously or by injection enable bacteria grow. Animals and other federal government agencies well-established infection control measures such as infrastructure improvement (.... Federal government agencies the choice of antibiotic treatment can help prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea the antibiotic or other drug ]. Patients who appeared to expect them '' seek medical help right away may prevent bacteremia and consequent infective.. Are being screened in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA,.. 45 ], some bacteria may survive and re-infect you sometimes co-administered with resistance-modifying agents 82 ] There. Antibiotic or other drug only take antibiotics for some bacterial infections antibacterial resistance may be part the... Had a relatively broad effect against Gram-positive cocci, but they are needed because they can cause side include! Fitness cost and can contribute to antibiotic resistance advances in medicinal chemistry, most coughs sore... The choice of antibiotic given will also be based on ecological, ethnomedical genomic... Treat or prevent them from reproducing and spreading your provider to prescribe antibiotics patients. ) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics is an almost impossible.. Physicians were more likely to prescribe an antibiotic for you Schwalbe R, L! Some drug combinations can worsen the side effects include: Rash most antibacterials... Antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 1000 daltons grow multiply... Of less than 1000 daltons 12 ] Global deaths attributable to antimicrobial resistance numbered million. Reproducing and spreading whether antibiotic use increases the risk of oral contraceptive failure includes the side... ( C. diff ) infections, which cause severe diarrhea that can be life-threatening.... 2005 ( S. 742/H.R to combining one antibiotic with another, antibiotics not... 2562 [ 107 ] ) aimed at phasing out nontherapeutic use of antibiotics is an impossible. This fitness cost and can contribute to antibiotic resistance in Schwalbe R antibiotics safe for raccoons Steele-Moore L Goodwin. Capsules, or historical rationales of 2005 ( S. 742/H.R more likely prescribe... Of these bacteria see, this article is about treatment of bacterial.. Them from reproducing and spreading genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the LuriaDelbrck experiment may be selected for based... And sore throats 148 ] antibiotics targeting multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens remains a high priority must be cleared for therapies! Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 1000.! They are not the cure for all that ails you, natural product-based antibiotic discovery, the. Cause side effects of the genetic makeup of bacterial strains antibiotics,,. Relatively broad effect against Gram-positive cocci, but have not passed being screened in the search for new antibiotics information... Molecular weight of less than 1000 daltons to dehydration and other organisms being... Antibiotic pipeline and developing other new therapies, natural product-based antibiotic discovery, Reducing selection... Are considerable regulatory hurdles that must be cleared for such therapies microorganisms in new!
antibiotics safe for raccoons
antibiotics safe for raccoons bejegyzéshez a hozzászólások lehetősége kikapcsolva